/JPJ /bxnDd /SY: lFf n filosafi

lFf n wxks

YlHO best nOn Az wun v H mOst impPtant plErFts in modDn histDi, /JPJ /bxnDd /SY woz YlsO inflUenSal in H relmz v palitikal, mVzikal, Ikanomikal, riliJas n dramAtik kritisizamz. hiz esEz n Analitikal diskuSanz, Az wel Az hiz plEz, prizent distiNktiv, penatrEtiN, n ofan unPTadoks FdWz hMz relavans iz stil aplikabal tadE.

/JPJ /bxnDd /SY woz bPn in /dublin, /FDland, JMlF 26, 1856 n dFd on nOvembD 2, 1950. hiz muHD, a siND, Opand him up t H wxld v mVzik At an xli EJ. hI mMvd t /lundan At H EJ v twenti n HX hI bigAn (YlHO not mIniN t At fxst) hiz litDeri karC. yftD 1879 hI txnd t prOz fikSan. hI rOt fFv novalz, mOst publiSt in sOSalist pEpDz Hen lEtD Az bUks. from 1884 t 1895 hI woz a mVzik kritik in sevDal /lundan pCiodikalz, sum v wic wx veri prominant. hI YlsO sxvd Az a dryma kritik from 1895 t 1898.

djUDiN His tFm hI bigAn t divelap an intDest in sOSalizm. hI Jqnd H /fEbian /sasFati in 1884; lxnd t RgV, dibEt, lekcD n propagAndFz. At His tFm iNgliS-spIkiN TWtDz n Ydiansiz wx akustamd t sentimental meladryma. fFndiN nObodi els t sAtisfF hiz nIdz fP sCias modDn plEz, hI bigAn t rFt hiz On. in 1898 hI publiSt hiz fxst siks plEz tageHD in "plEz plezant n unplezant", hiz fxst plE in H kalekSan, "widODz' hQziz", bIiN pradVst in 1892. H uHDz, "H /filAndDD" (1893), "misiz /woran'z prafeSan" (1893), "Rmz n H mAn", "kAndidy", n "V nevD kAn tel" (1896), folOd in rApid sakseSan. H pradukSanz n publikESanz v HIz plEz kYt H atenSan v H publik C.

/SY'Z nekst volVm, "TrI plEz fP pjUDitanz" (1901), inklMdid "H /devalz disFpal" (1897), "/sIzD n /klWpytra" (1899), n "kAptin /brysbQnd'z konvxZan" (1900). nekst H indiviJUal plEz, "mAn n /sMpDmAn", "/Jon /bUl'z uHD Fland" (1904), n "mEJD /bRbDa" (1905) wx YlsO risIvd wiH inTMziAstik risponsiz.

OvD H kPs v hiz dramAtik QtpUt hI bigAn t plEs mP emfasis on ikspresiN hiz On doktDinz n les emfasis on AkcUal komadi, stPi P plot. wiH H plE "mAn n /sMpDmAn" hI iksprest hiz FdWz mP dFrektli HAn in H prIvias wxks. His plE kUd bI sed t bI H biginiN pqnt v hiz eksplqtESan v hiz Rt Az a plErFt Az a mInz t 'prOklEm hiz gospal' n prizent hiz filosafi.

/SY'z mOst saksesfal plE, "/pigmAlian", woz publiSt in 1913. YlHO H mVzikal "mF fX lEfi", bEst on His plE, hAz gEnd mP atenSan HAn H ariJinal wxk, meni kritiks hAv felt it woz a vulgD dibEsmant v modDn TWtD n /SY.

in H midst v /wxld /wY /wun hI rOt wun v hiz mystDpIsiz, "/hRtbrEk /hQs" (1917), a TiAtrikal imiJ v H kalAps v sivilFzESan. /SY'z loNgist n mOst AmbiSas plE, "bAk t /maTMzla", folOd His in 1920. "sEnt /JOn", /SY'z trItmant v H ivents arQnd H historikal figD /JOn v /Rk, woz publiSt in 1923.

in 1925 /SY wun H nObel prFz fP litDacD n went on rFtiN plEz YlmOst until hiz deT At H EJ v 94, hQevD nun v H lEtD wxks inJqd wFd sakses.

in JenDal, it iz H kwolati v hiz FdWz HAt hAz alQd hiz Ydians t OvDlUk H flYz in hiz plEz: HX wxdinas, HX iksesivli Rgjamentativ Aspekts, HX lAk v stroN abzPbiN stPi, HX Absans v stroN, obJektiv kAraktDFzESan.

bikoz hiz fxst plEz wx not rigRdid Az publiSabal Ftamz, /SY disFdid t mEk Hem sO bF AdiN tM rekagnFsabal fIcDz: rIdabal, novalistik stEJ dFrekSanz n H loN prefatDi esE, wic bikEm hiz trEdmRk.

fxst, H ilAbDat n dItEld stEJ dFrekSanz kontEn muc bAkgrQnd infDmESan abQt H sInz P kAraktDz HAt ofan kAnot bI iksprest in a stEJ invFrament. fP igzympal in "mAn n /sMpDmAn", Akt II, hI diskrFbz H entrans v a nV kAraktD, /hektD /malOn Az folOz: "/hektD /melOn iz an IstDn amerikan, but hI iz not At Yl aSEmd v hiz nASanAlati... wen hI fFndz [iNgliS] pIpal cAtDiN hRmlasli abQt /AnatOl /fryns n /nIca, hI devastEts Hen wiH /mATV /Rnald, H YtakrAt v H brekfast tEbal, n Ivan /makYli; n hI iz divQtli riliJas At botam, hI fxst lIdz H unwXi, bF hVmDas irevDans, t lIv popjalD TiolaJi Qt v akQnt in diskusiN moral kwescanz wiH him, n Hen skAtDz Hem in konfVZan bF dimyndiN weHD H kAriiN Qt v hiz FdIlz v kondukt woz not H mAnifest obJekt v /god YlmFti in kriEtiN onist men n pjUD wimin". H mOst probabal rIzanz fP HIz OvDli leNTi intradukSanz woz fP H inJqmant v H soliteri rIdD n t fxHD inhyns H pDfPmans v strEt rIdiNz v hiz plEz.

sekand, mOst v H doktDin /SY wiSt t ikspres in a plE wUd bI QtlFnd in hiz prefDatri esEz. mOst v HIz esEz kAn stAnd wiHQt H plE HE akumpani fP rIdiN inJqmant P studi. it iz HIz wel-ritan, TYt-pravOkiN wxks HAt hAv SPli kontribjatid t hiz stEtas Az wun v H grEt TiNkDz n rFtDz in H histDi v H iNgliS lANgwiJ.

# filosafi

wFl liviN in /lundan in H 1870z, /SY sapOzadli mEd an Yl-nFt wYk akros H siti not loN yftD hI hAd gon t liv HX. on HAt rimRkabal wYk /SY sY H spred v slumz TrM H dRkand siti n ditxmind hiz tysk in lFf wUd bI H iliminESan v povDti.

OvD H kPs v hiz lFf, hI pondDd n bilIvd hI hAd diskuvDd salMSanz fP meni v mAn'z ilz. hI felt HAt H mOst ifiSant wE t ikspres HIz FdWz v sAlvESan woz TrM hiz rFtiNz.

meni kritiks v /SY hAv mEd H RgjUmant HAt Rt's pxpas iz t kamVnikEt a sens v hVman ikspCians n not t tIc P prIc. /SY hAz rivoltid agenst His vVpqnt. His kwoliti SUd bI kept in mFnd wen JuJiN hiz plEz. "prFmerali, HE R not plEz: HE R trAkts in dramAtik fPmz". hI rigRdz sOSal kritisizam Az H mOst impPtant fuNkSan v Yl Rt.

/SY konsistantli atAkt H reprihensabal vxZanz v marAlati hI sY in H litDeri sasFati arQnd him. wot hI ment bF His woz H glPifikESan, TrM fols imOSanalizam, v FdWz n AkSanz falESas P reprihensabal in Hemselvz. hI felt suc glPifikESan, wic hI YlsO kYld "rOmAns" P "FdWlizam", distrqz riAliti n substitVts a drIm. hI RgVd HAt litDacD SUd imitEt lFf sO HAt wI mFt Akt on it ryHD HAn on sum misintxpritESan v lFf. YlsO "mDAlati" mInz abIdians t fPmjalEtid stAmdDdz from QtsFd wunself. hI bilIvd wI must get rid v His fPm v mDAlati bifP wI kAn evD hOp t dM wot iz rFt fP Rselvz. hI sez it iz betD t dM Ival n bI trM t jPselvz HAn t dinF jP dIpist impulsiz. hI bilIvd HAt mAn'z impulsiz R nAcDali gUd n SUd bI libDEtid. Hus hI fFndz HAt sasFatal puniSmant duz mP hRm HAn gUd, n ripreSan, hI bilIvz, iz H kYz v mP Ival HAn H dFrekt ikspreSan v R On hVman nEcD.

in H "gospal akPdiN t /SY" it iz not H luv v muni HAt iz H rMt v Yl Ival, ryHD H lAk v muni HAt iz H rMt v Yl Ival. hI RgVz HAt wiHQt muni, dIsansi iz imposabal. Hus /SY hAz a lO estimESan v H kApitalist sistam sins it lIvs an intFD klys v pIpal pP. hI rekamendz a sEnli PganFzd sOSalistik sasFati in wic evDi mAn'z iNkum woz gArantId n H iNkum v H nESan wUd bI divFdid intM Ikwal SXz. v kPs evDiwun wil hAv t wxk, n R lRJ pArasFt klysiz wil bI dun awE wiH.

YlHO /SY klEmd xli on t bI an ETiist, hiz lEtD wxks sIm t prizent bilIf in an igzistant, YlbIit unPTadoks, /god. His god iz H lFf fPs, H OvDwelmiN pQD bihFnd H Vnivxs, krIESan, IvalMSan, n Ivan /JIzaz /krFst. it iz not a pxsanal pQD but iz presant wXevD lFf iz konSas. H histDi v IvalMSan, in /SY'z Fz, hAz bIn H histDi v lFf PganFziN intM hFD fPmz n, At H kurant tFm, hAz rIct its hFist ikspreSan in H mFnd v H filasofik hVman: H lFf HAt kontamplEts its On igzistans. /SY'z /god was stil ivolviN in hiz Fz. muc v hiz wxk implFz H nId fP H Ydians t bikum filasofikal, n fOkas, TrM edjakESan n sekSUal salekSan, t pradVs H nekst stEJ in lFf fPs IvalMSan: H pxfekt mAn P "sMpDmAn". hI folOz H FdWz v /lamRkian IvalMSan in wic an Pganizam SXz in H dFrekSan v its On cEnJ. if mAn fElz t gFd himself t a hFD lFf fPm, /god wil ivencali skrAp hiz efDts n H kozmik prOses wil mMv on.

/SY vVd seks Az a riliJas fPs t pradVs H pxfekt mAn, P /sMpDmAn Az it iz kYld in "mAn n /sMpDmAn". mAriJ iz Onli a mInz t an end, H end bIiN rIpradukSan, n fP His rIzan hI simpli folts H unnesaseri lYz n sasFatal ekspektESanz plEst on mAriJ fP ristriktiN H indipendans n patenSal ikspreSan v Ic indiviJUal.

/JPJ /bxnDd /SY sY H wxld Az impxfekt n despDatli in nId v sum cEnJiz t stC it rFt agen. hI woz nevD SF abQt ofDiN hiz solMSanz t H mesiz hI sY. weHD it woz simpli cEnJiN H propDti P mAriJ lYz, rIPganFziN guvDmant, P mP vEg prOsesiz lFk rimMviN limits t sekSUal salekSan, n dFrektiN R konSasnas t H leval v H "/sMpDmAn", hiz FdIlz hAv afektid H intendid Ydians n kYzd meni pIpal t konsidD Hem sCiasli, HX inflUansiz stil rizQndiN in filasofik n TiAtrikal sxkalz up t H presant dE.

/edwDd /p. /grigasi, Ygast 1995
(trAnzlitDEtid bF /hV /bxkenhed, 1998)