/kristafD /kalumbas

/kristafD /kalumbas, an /itAlian-bPn nAvigEtD hM sEld in H sxvis v /spEn, iz komanli diskrFbd Az H diskuvDD v H /nV /wxld - /amerika. YlHO kalumbas woz in sxc v a westwDd rMt t /EZa bF sI, H diskuvDiz hI did mEk wx mP impPtant n vAljUabal HAn H rMt hI fEld t fFnd. it iz sxtan, hQevD, HAt /kalumbas woz not H fxst /jUDapWn t kros H /atlAntik. dokjUmentDi evidans sapPts klEmz HAt H /vFkiNz rIct H /nV /wxld abQt AD 1000. n HX iz gUd sxkamstAnSal evidans, HO nO dokjUmantESan, t saJest HAt bOT /pPcUgIz n /iNgliS fiSiN vesalz mEd H krosiN djUDiN H 14T sencDi, probabli lAndiN in /nVfQndlAnd n /lAbradP. /kalumbas, HO hI sEld a difDant rMt, folOd meni /jUDapWnz hM xliD hAd sEld westwDd akros H /atlAntik.

/kalumbas' xli lFf

H best avElabal evidans saJests HAt /kristafD /kalumbas (/kristafPO /kalombO in /itAlian; /kristobAl /kalon in /spAniS) woz bPn in /Jenawa in 1451. hiz fyHD woz a wIvD; hI hAd At lIst tM bruHDz. /kristafD hAd lital eJUkESan n lxnd t rId n rFt Onli Az an Adult. hI went t sI, Az meni /JenawIz bqz, n vqiJd in H /meditDEnian. in 1476 hI woz Siprekt of /pPcUgal, fQnd hiz wE aSP, n went t /lizban; hI apArantli trAvald t /FDland n /iNgland n lEtD klEmd t hAv gon Az fR Az /Fsland. hI woz in /Jenawa in 1479, ritxnd t /pPcUgal, n mArid. hiz wFf, /dona /felipa, dFd sMn yftD hiz sun, /diEgO, woz bPn (c. 1480).

bF His tFm /kalumbas hAd bikum intDestid in westwDd vqaJiz. hI hAd lxnd v H leJanderi /atlAntik vqiJiz n sElDz' ripPts v lAnd t H west v /madXa n H /azPez. akwFDiN bUks n mAps, hI akseptid /mRkO /pOlO'z arOnias lOkESan f /JapAn - 2,400 km (1,500 mi) Ist v /cFna - n /tolami'z undDestimESan v H sDkumfDans v H /xT n OvDestimESan v H sFz v H /jUDEZan lAndmAs. hI kEm t bilIv HAt /JapAn woz abQt 4,800 km (3,000 mi) t H west v /pPcUgal - a distans HAt kUd bI sEld in igzistiN vesalz. hiz FdW woz fxHDd bF H saJescanz v H /florantFn kozmografD /pQlO /dAl /potsO /toskaneli. in 1484, /kalumbas sYt sapPt f an iksploratDi vqiJ from /kiN /Jon II v pPcUgal, but hI woz rifVzd. H /pPcUgIz YlsO undDestimEtid H distans but bilIvd it t bI bijond H kEpabilitiz v igzistiN Sips.

in 1485, /kalumbas tUk hiz sun /diEgO n went t /spEn, wX hI spent YlmOst sevan jCz trFiN t get sapPt from /izabela I v /kAstIl. hI woz risIvd At kPt, givan a smYl anVati, n kwikli gEnd bOT frendz n enamiz. an apArantli fFnal rifVzal in 1492 mEd /kalumbas pripX t gO t /fryns, but a fFnal apIl t /izabela prMvd saksesfUl. an agrImant bitwIn H krQn n /kalumbas set H txmz f H ekspadiSan.

H fxst vqiJ

H /pinta, H /ninia, n H /sAnta /marW wx Qtfitid in H mFmD pPt v /pAlos. /kalumbas woz Edid in rikrMtiN a krM bF tM bruHDz - /mRtIn /alonzO /pinzOn, hM risIvd kamynd v H /pinta, n hiz juNgD bruHD /visente /jAnez /pinzOn, hM kamyndid H /ninia. HE left /pAlos on /Ygast 3, 1492, rIrigd H /ninia in H /kanXiz, n sEld t H west. a lAndfYl woz mEd on H mPniN v /oktObD 12, 1492, At an Fland in H /bahymaz, wic /kalumbas nEmd /sAn /sAlvadP, n histPianz lEtD FdentifFd Az /wotliN /Fland (wic woz Hem rInEmd /sAn /sAlvadP). in 1986, a grMp v skolDz klEmd HAt H trM lAndfYl woz /samyna /kE, 105 km (65 mi) t H sQT.

H lAndiN woz met bF /ArawAk, a frendli lOkal popjUlESan HAt /kalumbas kYld /indianz. sum dEz lEtD H ekspadiSan sEld on t /kVba, wX delagESanz wx lAndid t sIk H kPt v H /moNgal empDD v /cFna n gOld. in /disembD HE sEld Ist t /hispAniOla, wX, At /kristmas, H /sAnta /marW woz rekt nC /kAp-hAItian. /kalumbas got hiz men aSP. H /indianz sImd frendli; sO 39 men wx left on H Fland At H setalmant v /nAvidAd wFl /kalumbas ritxnd t /spEn on H /ninia. hI hAd sEld dV west from H /kanXiz w fEvDabal windz; nQ hI sEld nPT bifP hediN Ist n sO agen fQnd fEvDabal windz. /mRtin /alonzO /pinzOn, hM hAd iksplPd on hiz On w H /pinta, rIJqnd /kalumbas, but H Sips wx sepDEtid At sI. /kalumbas fFnali lAndid (/mRc 1493) in /lizban n woz intDvVd bF /Jon II v /Aragan. /kalumbas klEmd t hAv rIct Flandz Just of H kOst v /EZa n brYt w him RtifAkts, /indianz, n sum gOld.

H sekand vqiJ

/pPcUgIz klEmz t /kalumbas' diskuvDiz led /pOp /AligzyndD VI t iSV pEpal bUlz in 1493 HAt divFdid H wxld intM Xiaz Opan t kolanFzESan bF /spEn n /pPcUgal. H tM nESanz mMvd H lFn v dimRkESan t 370 lIgz west v H /kEp /verdi /Flandz bF H /trIti v /tPdisilias (1494) n undDtUk kolanFzESan.

fundid bF /fxdinAnd n /izabela, /kalumbas set sEl from /kAdiz on hiz sekand vqiJ on /septembD 25, 1493, nC /daminika amuN H /lesD /AntilIz. H ekspadiSan Hen sEld TrM H /lesD /AltilIz; Flandz wx sFtid n nEmd, n sum wx lAndid on. H iksplPDz went pyst /pwxtO /rIkO n rIct H sFt v /nAvidAd on /nOvembD 27-28, 1493. H inkAmpmant hAd bIn distrqd, n H /spAniDdz, hM hAd sIzd gOld n wimin, hAd bIn kild.

/kalumbas set up a nV kolani, nEmd /izabela, abQt 113 km (70 mi) t H Ist v /nAvidAd'z sFt. hI left in /Epral 1494, iksplPd H suHDn kOst v /kVba but did not prMv it an Fland, diskuvDd n sxkamnAvigEtid /JamEka, n ritxnd t /izabela yftD 5 munTs. /kalumbas trFd t guvDn H kolani until hI ritxnd t /spEn in 1496, but hI woz not a gUd administrEtD. hI left hiz bruHD /bRtolamE in cRJ w instrukSanz t mMv H setalmant t H sQT kOst v /hispAniOla. His woz dun in 1496, n His setalmant, nEmd /sAntO /damiNgO, bikEm H fxst pxmanant /jUDapWn setalmant in H /nV /wxld.

/kalumbas rIct /kAdiz in /JMn 1496. hI woz kMlli risIvd At kPt. hI hAd not fQnd H ric /EZan mEnlAnd, n hiz efDts t get gOld from H /indianz on /hispAniOla hAd bIn Onli modDatli saksesfUl. H /spAniS setalDz wx unrMli n wUd not wxk, n sum hAd ritxnd t /spEn w komplEnts abQt /kalumbas.

H Txd vqiJ

/kalumbas woz fFnali YTDFzd t mEk a Txd vqiJ yftD H /pPcUgIz hAd sent /vAskO /da /gAma of t /india in 1497. dispFt difikUltiz in rikrMtiN a krM, /kalumbas dipRtid in /mE 1498 w siks Sips n mEd lAndfYl on /trinidAd on /JMlF 31, 1498. H nekst dE hI rIct H mEnlAnd n Hus diskuvDd /sQT /amerika.

hAviN fQnd pxlz At Flandz nC H kOst, H ekspadiSan Hen sEld akros H /kAribWn t /sAntO /damiNgO. H kolanists HX wx in rivolt, n /kalumbas sMn hAd t fEs a rqal kamiSanD, /frAnsiskO /da /bobadilia, hM arFvd from /spEn in 1500 w fUl pQDz. /bobadilia rimMvd H /kalumbas bruHDz from H guvDnmant n sent Hem bAk t /spEn in cEnz. YlHO H Sip's kAptin woz wiliN t rimMv H SAkalz, /kristafD insistid on gOiN bifP /fxdinAnd n /izabela bQnd.

H fPT vqiJ

frId bF rqal kamynd yftD arFval in /kAdiz in /nOvembD 1500, /kalumbas sMn mQntid a fPT ekspadiSan, wic left /spEn in /mE 1502, mEd a lAndfYl At /mRtinIk, n sEld t /sAntO /damiNgO. HX hI woz dinFd pDmiSan t lAnd, n hiz wPniNz abQt a hurikEn wx ignPd. hiz Sips weHDd H stPm, sEld west, n rIct /gwanyka /Fland, n Hen /hondjUDAs in /sentral /amerika. hAviN mist H sFts v H /mFa, hI sEld aloN H kOst pyst /pAnamy, fFnali hediN agen f /sAntO /damiNgO. hiz vesalz, rotid bF Sipwxm, wx abAndand in /JamEka, wX /kalumbas woz marMnd f a jC. fFnali reskVd, hI rIct /spEn in /nOvembD 1504.

/kristafD /kalumbas dFd in /vAliadolid on /mE 20, 1506, wFl presiN hiz klEmz At kPt. hI stil bilIvd HAt hI hAd rIct /EZa. hI nO loNgD hAd rqal sapPt, n H krQn hAd, from 1495 onwDd, vFalEtid its ariJinal agrImant w /kalumbas bF YTDFziN uHDz t sEl t H /indiz. /kalumbas' rIl grEtnas lFz in H fAkt HAt hAviN fQnd H /west /indiz - mEkiN mEJD erDz in hiz nAvigESanal kompjUtESanz n lOkESan in dMiN sO - hI woz Ebal t fFnd hiz wE bAk t /jUDap n ritxn t H /indiz. it iz Az a rizult v /kalumbas' "diskuvDi" HAt H /nV /wxld bikEm pRt v H /jUDapWn wxld.

/brMs /b. /solnik

(trAnzlitDEtid bF /hV /bxkanhed, 1999)